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Monday, February 19, 2007

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Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav

(* 1772 in Medschybisch , died October 16 1810 in Uman ) was a Hasidic tzaddik. mother's side he was the great-grandson of the Baal Shem Tov

, the founder of Hasidism. Father's side he was the grandson of Rabbi Nahman of Horodenka, a student of the Baal Shem Tov. Nachman was raised in the Hasidic atmosphere at his home, married early and lived in the house of his father. He later settled in Mewedewka, a village in the province Kiev, where he assembled a group of Hasidim around. 1798 he went accompanied by a student on a journey to the Holy Land

. Within several months, he visited among other Haifa, Jaffa, Tiberias and Safed had, but after the invasion of Napoleon leave the country at a moment again. During his stay in a village near Schpola he had a discussion with Arie body, an elderly Hasidic leaders, who accused Nachman Sabbatian and Frankist views. In 1802 he moved to Bratslav, where he remained until 1810. After his house was burned down in Bratslav, he moved to Uman, where he died on 18 Tishri 5571 (October 16, 1810) died during the Sukkot to tuberculosis. After the death of Rabbi Nachman his followers were known as the Bratslav Hasidim. In their area of origin
Podolia
they were up to the early years of the Soviet Union active and gained in the inter-war period especially in Poland increased social recognition. In Israel most Bratslav Hasidim lived at first in the Old City of Jerusalem , but have now settled in Safed , Emanuel and Bnei Brak.
His teachings
Although Nachman emphasized the importance of tradition and as the last link of a chain saw that Shimon ben Yochai
of about Isaac Luria until his great-grandfather, the Baal Shem Tov, presented his teachings contain many new features. According to Nachman, the world was by En Sof, "the infinite" create, and is dominated by the absolute will of God. Divinity is everywhere contained in evil, in the form of Klippot ("shells"). Even a man who is sinking in evil, therefore, can be found back by repentance the Creator. The Lurianic doctrine of tzimtzum ("retreat", see Kabbalah ) creates a paradox . On the one hand, it postulated the retreat and the disappearance of Divinity by creating a vacuum , secondly, it is divine immanence (presence of God in the world) was adopted. According to Nachman of the ideal state of Tzimtzum only in the future is achieved. The main significance of this doctrine, however, is to raise doubts about the existence of the Creator. The wording of the question is an important element in his teaching and is the first act of the will of the Creator in their relationships with their people. Although humans can get deep into the clutches of the doubt, the ultimate purpose of his case lies in its promotion ("And the decline is happening around the climbing's sake" Sohar ).
Tzaddik Nachman
theory is unique, then is he said there is only one true tzaddik, namely Nachman himself, which provided for a determination as Messiah is. Just as Moses confer on the tzaddik the prayers of the community's saving power. Idea of the tzaddik of heretical questions can lead to spiritual advancement of those who were before the mistake. Even the Niggun (the Hasidic melody) has a similar redemptive influence. The tzaddik lives forever, so to speak, whether in this or in the world to come. A person is required to travel to the tzaddik, "because the important thing is what he hears from the mouth of the tzaddik." Nachman attitude to people and the world is quite pessimistic. He believes that there were many obstacles in the way of the people in this world that may be mentioned without further
Gehinnom
. Nevertheless, Nachman is with all his strength against despair. The anchor, the man can hold in life, faith, encouragement, joy, song, dance, constant self-criticism, discussions with the tzaddik and the longing for a direct relationship to the Creator. An important position in his teachings does decided to open the prayer. This is not limited to the Jewish tradition of prayer, even the recitation of psalms is worthless as long as the prayer is not with kawwanah pray and identified himself with the contents. Important for the dialogue is also a commitment to daily isolation. The importance of Niggun, the sung prayer is not to over-estimate by Nachman. There is a complete system of Niggunim which corresponds to the structure of the universe. Those who adapt to the musical rhythm, can achieve great pleasure from it and reaches the extinction of the self. At this moment, reveals that of the Creator, who longs for him, through the various stages in the order of nature. One way of spiritual elevation is offered to the people of Eretz Israel
where he can gain faith and wisdom. This may provide an explanation Nachman to believe he was throughout his life by the wisdom-enhancing power of the Land of Israel was based, which he himself was "the greatest of zaddikim" as he called himself.

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tzaddik

tzaddik (di: k), also צַדִּיק Tzaddiq (Hebrew for "righteous" or "Fair"), is now a concept of a religious leader and holy man ( Religious titles ) in Hasidism. In the Old Testament (Tanach

) is a tzaddik a righteous man, in the Talmud and Midrash one who does the question of justice demand more than God's laws. Since the Middle Ages the term tzaddik as a honorary title given especially religious Jews is held, where a special relationship was said to God. In the Eastern European Hasidism a tzaddik was seen as a mediator between God and man. Man held meetings with him, he acted as an adviser to receive performed miracles and was entitled to support from his community. In the period of training of Hasidism, the hereditary dignity of a tzaddik and it formed from dynasties.

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Shalom

Shalom (Hebrew)

The Hebrew word shalom [שלום] (English spelling: shalom) means, first of integrity, prosperity, peace
, and is thus not only meant liberation from every evil and misfortune, but also health, welfare, safety and peace.

"the peace which alone reconciles and strengthens us soothes and brightens our face image of us restless and from the bondage of unsatisfied desire frees us are the consciousness of the achievements, the awareness of time, in the midst of our own transience and all externals. (JG Claude Montefiore, 1858 - 1938, Jewish scholar and founder of the World Union for Progressive Judaism).

Shalom applies from the time of

Bible (the Tanach ) as a key word in Judaism and is the most common greeting among Jews . The word is based on the Semitic-speaking meaningful consonants s - l - m and with the Arab Salam related very closely.

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Melchisedech

Melchisedech (also Melchizedek and Melchizedek) is a figure from the Old Testament
, mentioned in Genesis 14.17 to 19 in the Abraham narrative , but also a rich Jew in the third story of the first day of the Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio .

Melchizedek in the Old Testament
Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. He was priest of God Most High. He blessed Abram and said, Blessed be Abram of God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth, and blessed the Most High God who has delivered your enemies to you. Then Abram gave him tithes of all. (New American
)

According to this passage, Melchizedek is the "king of Salem" and a "
priest of God Most High" (High Priest = ). "King of Salem" can be interpreted as "King of Jerusalem" or the "Queen of Peace (Salem means peace), and leave open whether the association with the royal title temporal power. The name can be translated as Melchizedek himself and then means something like "King of Righteousness." Melchizedek blesses Abraham, then Abraham is charged to the Melchizedek tithe. The importance Mechisedechs is that he is actually in a
Bible
mentioned priest the first, and that he uses for his offering of bread and wine - not the meat of sacrificial animals, as the future priests of the Old Testament - and can be interpreted symbolically to Jesus Christ and endowed by the Eucharist as a sacrificial meal . Further, "Salem" frequently when the city Jerusalem interpreted, and this passage would be the earliest historical reference to this otherwise, in the books Moses (the Torah ) has not mentioned City. Also allows the passage to draw conclusions about Abraham, who is mentioned here, along with Melchizedek. Melchizedek is also mentioned in Psalm

110.4, one of God's promise to King David : "You are a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek."
Melchizedek in Boccaccio
Melchizedek is also still in the Decameron by Giovanni di Boccaccio (1348) mentioned rich Jew, the Sultan Saladin, as later in Lessing's Nathan the Wise
same drama, the same question, namely the for the best of the three monotheistic religions, answered with the parable of the rings .
Christian interpretation
A detailed discussion of these passages is found in the Epistle to the Hebrews
in Chapters 5-7. The letter interprets the blessing received and the tax levy as a submission under Abraham and Melchizedek to a subordination of the old covenant to the new covenant. After the letter of Psalm 110.4 is fulfilled in the priesthood of Jesus Christ for the following reasons: David as king of Israel ancestor of Jesus Christ (according to Matthew 1:6), so "You are a priest," even though David himself no priests.

Christ's priesthood is eternal, that is forever.

of Melchizedek are neither advantages nor descendants, mentions his death in the Bible, also inherited the royal priesthood of Christ is neither ancestors nor is inherited by descendants, and Christ dies no more.

The Christian sacrifice (the Eucharist

) will be offered according to the order of Melchizedek, then with bread and wine, so after the order of Melchizedek, without bloodshed and without sacrifices. Abraham submits to it voluntarily, Abraham is here as the embodiment of all descended from him

Israelites, including the later Levites and priests of their duties, and this has Thus the eternal priesthood of Christ subordinate. One is based on descent priesthood is now no more, as Christ is the only high priest.